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American campaign slogan

Trump'south "Make America Great Again!" sign used during his 2016 presidential campaign before Trump selected Mike Pence as his vice presidential running mate

"Make America Bang-up Again" or MAGA ()[a] is a campaign slogan used in American politics popularized by Donald Trump in his successful 2016 presidential entrada. Ronald Reagan used the like slogan "Let's Make America Corking Again" in his successful 1980 presidential entrada. Nib Clinton likewise used the phrase in speeches during his successful 1992 presidential campaign and used it once again in a radio commercial aired for his wife Hillary Clinton's unsuccessful 2008 presidential primary entrada. Douglas Schoen has called Trump'southward use of the phrase "probably the nearly resonant campaign slogan in recent history", citing majorities of Americans who believed that the country was in pass up.[2] [3]

The slogan became a pop culture phenomenon, seeing widespread utilize and spawning numerous variants in the arts, entertainment and politics, being used by those who support and oppose the presidency of Donald Trump.

Since its popularization in the 2010s, the slogan is considered a loaded phrase. Multiple analytic journalists, scholars, and commentators link information technology to racism in the United States, regarding it equally dog-whistle politics and coded linguistic communication.[4] [5] [6] [7] The slogan was also at the center of two events originally reported inaccurately in about media outlets, the Jussie Smollett hate offense hoax and the Jan 2019 Lincoln Memorial confrontation.[8] [9] [x] [eleven]

Apply earlier Donald Trump [edit]

Alexander Wiley [edit]

The phrase was offset used by Republican senator Alexander Wiley in a voice communication at the third session of the 76th U.s. Congress in anticipation of the 1940 U.s.a. presidential election: "What is the way? Here is America. There are 130,000,000 of the states. America needs a leader who can coordinate labor, majuscule, and management; who can give the man of enterprise encouragement, who can give them the spirit which will afford vision. That will brand America peachy again."[12]

Barry Goldwater [edit]

The slogan was found in some advert associated with Barry Goldwater'due south unsuccessful 1964 presidential campaign.[13]

Ronald Reagan [edit]

"Allow'southward brand America bang-up again" was famously used in Ronald Reagan's 1980 presidential campaign. At the fourth dimension the Usa was suffering from a worsening economy at domicile marked by stagflation and Reagan, using the country's economic distress as a springboard for his campaign, used the slogan to stir a sense of patriotism among the electorate.[14] [15] [16] [17] Within his credence speech communication at the 1980 Republican National Convention, Reagan said, "For those without chore opportunities, we'll stimulate new opportunities, particularly in the inner cities where they alive. For those who've abandoned hope, we'll restore hope and we'll welcome them into a bully national cause to make America slap-up once more."[xviii] [19]

Bill Clinton [edit]

The phrase was also used in speeches[20] by Bill Clinton during his 1992 presidential entrada.[21] Clinton also used the phrase in a radio commercial aired for Hillary Clinton's 2008 presidential chief campaign.[22]

During the 2016 electoral campaign, Clinton suggested that Trump'southward version, used as a campaign rallying weep, was a message to white Southerners that Trump was promising to "give you lot an economy you had 50 years ago, and... motility you dorsum up on the social totem pole and other people down."[23]

Christine O'Donnell [edit]

Christine O'Donnell'due south book about her unsuccessful 2010 bid as the Republican nominee for a US Senate seat in Delaware was published by St. Martin's Printing on August 16, 2011, as Troublemaker: Let's Do What Information technology Takes to Make America Swell Again.[24]

Use past Donald Trump [edit]

Donald Trump wearing a "Make America Groovy Again" cap during his 2016 presidential campaign

In December 2011, Trump made a argument in which he said he was unwilling to dominion out running as a presidential candidate in the future, explaining "I must leave all of my options open up because, higher up all else, we must brand America smashing once more."[25] Also in December 2011, he published a book using as a subtitle the like phrase "Making America #1 Again" – which in a 2015 reissue was changed to "Make America Great Again!"[26]

Trump popularized the slogan "Make America Great Again" by stitching it onto his widely distributed cap

On January one, 2012, a grouping of Trump supporters filed paperwork with the Texas Secretary of State's office to create the "Make America Great Again Political party", which would have allowed Trump to be that political party's nominee if he had decided to get a third-party candidate in the 2012 presidential ballot.[27] Trump himself began using the slogan formally on Nov vii, 2012, the day after Barack Obama won his reelection against Hand Romney. By his own account, Trump first considered "We Will Make America Great", simply did non experience similar information technology had the right "ring" to information technology. "Brand America Great" was his side by side slogan idea, but upon further reflection, he felt that it was a slight to America because it implied that America was never great. After selecting "Make America Great Again", Trump immediately had an attorney register it. (Trump later said he was unaware of Reagan'south apply in 1980 until 2015, but noted that "he didn't trademark it.")[28] On Nov 12 he signed an application with the United states Patent and Trademark Office requesting exclusive rights to employ the slogan for political purposes. It was registered as a service mark on July 14, 2015, after Trump formally began his 2016 presidential entrada and demonstrated that he was using the slogan for the purpose stated on the application.[29] [28] [30] Trump used the slogan in public as early as August 2013, in an interview with Jonathan Karl.[31]

Banner displaying "Vote To Make America Bang-up Again" on a roadside in California before long after the November 2016 ballot

Trump wearing a "Keep America Corking" hat in December 2019

During the 2016 campaign, Trump oftentimes used the slogan, especially by wearing hats emblazoned with the phrase in white letters, which soon became popular among his supporters.[32] The slogan was so important to the campaign that at one point information technology spent more on making the hats – sold for $25 each on its website – than on polling, consultants, or television commercials. Millions were sold, and Trump estimated that apocryphal versions outnumbered the existent hat ten to ane. "...just it was a slogan, and every time somebody buys 1, that'due south an advertising."[28]

Following Trump's election, the website of his presidential transition was established at greatagain.gov.[33] Trump said in 2017 and 2018 that the slogan of his 2020 reelection campaign would exist "Go on America Great" and he sought to trademark it.[28] [34] However, Trump's 2020 campaign continued to use the "Make America Groovy Again" slogan.[35] Trump'south vice president, Mike Pence, used the phrase "brand America great once more, once again" in his 2020 Republican National Convention speech, garnering ridicule and comparisons to the catchphrase "again-over again" from Teletubbies.[36] [37] In late 2021, this phrase became the name of a pro-Trump Super-PAC, which was likewise mocked.[38]

A 2020 executive club, titled "Promoting Beautiful Federal Civic Compages," was nicknamed "Make Federal Buildings Cute Again" by proponents and the press.[39] [40] [41]

Less than a calendar week afterwards Trump left function, he spoke to advisors about possibly establishing a third party, which he suggested might be named either the "Patriot Party" or "Make America Great Again Party". In his showtime few days out of office, he also supported Arizona land party chairwoman Kelli Ward, who likewise called for the cosmos of a "MAGA Party". In late Jan 2021, the former president viewed the proposed MAGA Party as leverage to prevent Republican senators from voting to convict him during the Senate impeachment trial, and to field challengers to Republicans who voted for his impeachment in the Business firm.[42] [43]

[edit]

Donald Trump took the entrada slogan to social media (primarily to Twitter), using the hashtags #makeamericagreatagain and its acronym #maga. In response to criticism regarding his frequent and untraditional usage of social media, Trump dedicated himself by tweeting "My utilize of social media is not Presidential – it'southward MODERN DAY PRESIDENTIAL. Make America Great Again!" on July ane, 2017.[44]

In the first half of 2017, Trump repeated his slogan on Twitter 33 times.[45] In an article for Bloomberg News, Mark Whitehouse noted "A regression analysis suggests the phrase adds (very roughly) 51,000 to a post'south retweet-and-favorite count, which is important given that the boilerplate Trump tweet attracts a full of 107,000."[45]

Trump attributed his victory (in part) to social media when he said "I won the 2016 election with interviews, speeches, and social media."[46] According to RiteTag,[47] the estimated hourly statistics for #maga on Twitter alone include: one,304 unique tweets, v,820,000 hashtag exposure, and 3,424 retweets with 14% of #maga tweets including images, 55% including links, and 51% including mentions.[47]

Donald Trump prepare his Twitter business relationship in March 2009. His follower-count increased significantly following the announcement (June 16, 2015) of his intention to run for president in the 2016 presidential election, with particularly notable spikes occurring subsequently his securing the Republican Party nomination (May 3, 2016) and afterward winning the presidency.[48]

Accusations of racism [edit]

Regarding its use since 2015, it is considered a loaded phrase. Marissa Melton, a Phonation of America announcer, among others,[five] [6] explained how it is a loaded phrase because it "doesn't just entreatment to people who hear it equally racist coded language, but also to those who have felt a loss of condition as other groups have become more empowered."[four] As Sarah Churchwell explains, the slogan at present resonates as America Commencement did in the early 1940s, with the idea "that the true version of America is the America that looks like me, the American fantasy I imagine existed before it was diluted with other races and other people."[49]

Writing opinion for the Los Angeles Times, Robin Abcarian wrote that "[w]earing a 'Brand America Great Again' chapeau is not necessarily an overt expression of racism. Only if yous wear 1, information technology's a pretty good indication that you share, admire or appreciate President Trump'south racist views nearly Mexicans, Muslims and border walls."[6] The Detroit Free Printing and the Los Angeles Times reported how several of their readers rejected this characterization and did not believe the slogan or MAGA hats are evidence of racism, seeing them more in patriotic or American nationalist terms.[l] [51] Nicholas Goldberg described the slogan as "fabled", writing: "It was vague enough to appeal to optimists generally, while leaving enough of room for bitter and resentful voters to conclude that we were finally going dorsum to the days when they ran the world."[52] Polling has shown that about ten percent of black voters identified equally Trump supporters,[53] [ non-primary source needed ] while about thirty percent of Hispanic voters identified as Trump supporters.[54] [ better source needed ]

Australian political commentator and one-time Liberal political party leader John Hewson writes in January 2018 that he believes the recent global movements confronting traditional politics and politicians are based on racism and prejudice. He comments: "There should exist footling uncertainty about U.s. President Donald Trump'south views on race, despite his occasional 'denials', assertions of 'simulated news', and/or his semantic distinctions. His ballot campaign theme was effectively a promise to 'Make America Not bad Again; America First and Only' and—nod, nod, flash, flash—to Make America White Again."[55]

Employ by others [edit]

In politics [edit]

Political commentator and author Peter Beinart published a 2006 book titled The Practiced Fight: Why Liberals – and Only Liberals – Can Win the War on Terror and Make America Great Again [56] drawing on the philosophy of theologian Reinhold Niebuhr after the Invasion of Republic of iraq and early years of the War on Terror. In 2011, Christine O'Donnell published a volume about her Republican Senate entrada in the 2010 Delaware special election titled Troublemaker: Let's Practice What Information technology Takes To Brand America Cracking Once more.[57]

After Donald Trump popularized the use of the phrase, the phrase and modifications of information technology were widely used in reference both to his election campaign and to his politics. Trump's primary opponents, Ted Cruz and Scott Walker, began using "Make America Great Again" in speeches, inciting Trump to send cease-and-desist letters to them.[28] Cruz afterwards sold hats featuring, "Make Trump Debate Over again", in response to Trump's boycotting the Iowa Jan 28, 2016, debate.[58] The phrase has likewise been parodied in political statements, such every bit "Make America Mexico Again", a critique of Trump's immigration policies regarding the U.South.–Mexico border.[59] [60]

During remarks at the White House on May 4, 2022, President Biden referred to former President Trump'due south "Make America Great Once more" move, saying, "This MAGA oversupply is really the most farthermost political organization that's existed in American history, in recent American history."[61]

Utilise past political rivals [edit]

New York Governor Andrew Cuomo said America "was never that great" during a September 2018 bill signing.[62] [63] Quondam U.s.a. Chaser General Eric Holder questioned the slogan in a March 2019 interview on MSNBC, asking: "Exactly when did you think America was neat?"[64] [65] During John McCain'due south memorial service on September ane, 2018, his daughter Meghan stated: "The America of John McCain has no need to exist made not bad again because America was always corking."[66] Trump afterwards tweeted "MAKE AMERICA GREAT Once more!" later that day.[67]

Utilize by hate groups [edit]

A 2018 study using text mining and semantic network analytics of Twitter text and hashtags networks plant that the "#MakeAmericaGreatAgain" and "#MAGA" hashtags were unremarkably used past white supremacist and white nationalist users, and had been used as "an organizing discursive space" for far-right extremists globally.[68] Other permutations include "Brand America White Over again"[69] and the nonsense phrase "GAWA."

Other countries [edit]

In June 2017, Emmanuel Macron, President of France, rebuked Trump over withdrawing from the Paris Understanding. The last sentence of the speech delivered by him was "brand our planet great again."[70]

During his campaign for the 2019 Indonesian presidential election in October 2018, erstwhile opposition leader Prabowo Subianto used the phrase "brand Indonesia great again", though he denied having copied Trump.[71]

During the Swedish European Parliament election in May 2019, the Swedish Christian Autonomous Political party used the slogan "Make Eu Lagom Again".[72] [73]

February 2019 Fridays for Time to come protest in Berlin with the line "Make Earth Greta Again"

Members of the Fridays for Futurity Motion accept often used slogans similar "Make Earth Greta Again", referring to activist Greta Thunberg.[74] In 2019, Grant Armour and Milene Larsson co-directed a documentary film named Make the World Greta Once again.[75]

The Spanish correct political party Vocalism used as slogan "Hacer a España grande otra vez", or "Make Spain Swell Over again".[76] [77]

In popular culture [edit]

Rap-rock supergroup Prophets of Rage displaying a "Brand America Rage Once again" stage properties reminiscent of the "Brand America Great Again" catchphrase as it appears on a MAGA lid

The phrase and its variants are widely used and parodied in media.

Adult entertainment [edit]

  • Developed film star Stormy Daniels, who allegedly had an affair with President Trump, took office in a "Make America Horny Again" strip club tour. The tour followed Trump's initial 2016 campaign trail and office of the revenue was donated to Planned Parenthood.[78]

Advertizement [edit]

  • A Dunk-a-roos marketing entrada used the slogan "Brand America Dunk Again".[79]

Artwork [edit]

  • Make Everything Great Again was a street art mural by creative person Mindaugas Bonanu in Vilnius, Republic of lithuania.[80] [81]

Comedy [edit]

  • Comedian David Cross's 2016 stand-up tour was titled "Making America Great Once more".[82]

Conventions and events [edit]

  • In 2016, two Dragon Con cosplayers claiming an association with Adult Swim and Drawing Network, and dressed every bit the Earth Trade Center during the September eleven attacks, wore "Brand FishCenter Great Over again" hats.[83] [84] [85]

Manner [edit]

  • Fashion Designer Andre Soriano used the "Brand America Great Again" Official presidential campaign Flag to pattern a MAGA Gown for celebrities in Hollywood to article of clothing on Red Carpeting eastward.1000. 2017 Grammy Awards.[86]

Films [edit]

  • In Hot Fuzz (2007), Inspector Frank Butterman says "Brand Sandford Great Again" to Sergeant Nicholas Angel.[87]
  • In Holmes & Watson (2018), Sherlock Holmes wears a "Make England Great Again" fez hat in one scene.[88]
  • The Syfy film Sharknado 5: Global Swarming (2017) was released with the tagline "Make America Bait Once more".[89]
  • The tagline for The Purge: Election Year (2016) is "Proceed America Great" (a phrase Trump would later employ every bit his 2020 campaign slogan); one of the Telly spots for the picture featured Americans who explained why they support the Purge, with i stating he does then "to keep my land [America] dandy".[ninety] The adjacent flick in the franchise, The First Purge, was subsequently advertised with a affiche featuring its title stylized on a MAGA hat.[91]
  • The character Paul in Da 5 Bloods is an avid Trump supporter and sports a MAGA hat throughout the film.[92]

Games [edit]

  • In Assassin'southward Creed Odyssey (2018), Cleon says "Brand Athens Great Again" during his campaign confronting Pericles.
  • In the video game Mortal Kombat xi (2019), Shao Kahn urges Mortal Kombat11 newcomer Kollector to "brand Outworld slap-up again".
  • The video game Wolfenstein: The New Colossus (2017) used "Make America Nazi-Free Again" in its marketing campaign.[93]
  • In Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance (2013), Senator Steven Armstrong uses the phrase "Make America Cracking Over again" during his speech while battling Raiden.[94]
  • In Hitman ii (2018 video game), an elusive targed named Vincente Murillo is shown doing a broadcast under the slogan Haz que Colombia sea grande otra vez .[95]

Music [edit]

  • Fall Out Boy released a remix of their album American Beauty/American Psycho titled Make America Psycho Once again.[96]
  • Rapper Kevin Gates released a song in 2018 called M.A.T.A, meaning Make America Trap Again.[97]
  • Make America Stone Once again was a stone concert tour.[98]
  • Rap rock supergroup Prophets of Rage, consisting of members of Rage Against the Machine, Public Enemy and Cypress Hill, called their 2017 nationwide tour the "Make America Rage Once more Bout", using a stage backdrop reminiscent of a MAGA lid.
  • UK musician and author James Kennedy released a rock protestation anthology in 2020 called 'Make ANGER Great Over again'[99]
  • Snoop Dogg released a vocal titled "Make America Crip Again".[100]
  • Frank Turner released a song called "Make America Slap-up Once more" on his album Be More Kind (2018).
  • Vocalizer Joy Villa produced a single "Make America Groovy Again" a few months afterwards appearing at the 2017 Grammy Awards in a 'MAGA' dress.[101]
  • Rapper Lil Wayne wore a hat saying Make America Skate again in Run a risk the Rapper's video No Problem
  • Hip Hop Producer Zaytoven released an album titled Make America Trap Again (2019), with embrace art inspired by the Barack Obama "Hope" poster.[102]
  • Russian activists and artists Pussy Riot released a song titled Make America Bang-up Again.[103]
  • Metal ring Thy Art Is Murder released a song chosen "Make America Hate Over again" on their album Homo Target (2019). They also sell a hat with the slogan "Brand Deathcore Bang-up Again".

Sports [edit]

  • Then-Washington Nationals baseball game outfielder Bryce Harper wore a chapeau saying "Make Baseball Fun Again" during a postgame interview in 2016.

Books and Publications [edit]

  • Author Octavia E. Butler used "Brand America Great Again" as the presidential campaign slogan for a character, Andrew Steele Jarret, in her 1998 dystopian novel, Parable of the Talents.[104] Jarret is described every bit "a demagogue, a rabble-rouser, and a hypocrite [who] pulled organized religion and government together and cemented the link with money from rich businessmen".[105]
  • Author Andre Louis wrote and published "Make America Date Again",[106] a satirical volume on dating and relationships.

Television [edit]

  • John Oliver spoofed the slogan on his show Concluding Week This evening with John Oliver in a segment dedicated to Trump, urging viewers to "Brand Donald Drumpf Again", in reference to the original ancestral name of the Trump family.[107] [108] The segment bankrupt HBO viewership records, garnering 85 million views.[108]
  • In the S Park episode "Where My Country Gone?" (2015), supporters of Mr. Garrison, who runs a entrada that is a parody of Trump's, are seen holding signs bearing the slogan.[109]
  • In the Star Expedition: Discovery episode "What'due south Past Is Prologue" (2018), Gabriel Lorca vows to "make the Empire glorious again", a line that was compared to Trump by many reviewers.[110] [111] [112] [113]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Pronunciation used past Trump.[1]

References [edit]

  1. ^ The Telegraph (May xxx, 2020). Donald Trump: 'MAGA loves the black people' responding to race protests (YouTube video). Event occurs at 0:00.
  2. ^ Schoen, Douglas (April viii, 2016). "Donald Trump saw what politicians ignored. And and then he disrupted American politics". Fox News . Retrieved October 25, 2020.
  3. ^ Edwards-Levy, Ariel (Nov 18, 2015). "Americans Aren't Sure Anything In America Works Anymore". Huff Post . Retrieved November v, 2018.
  4. ^ a b Melton, Marissa (August 31, 2017). "Is 'Make America Cracking Again' Racist?". Voice of America. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
  5. ^ a b Shamus, Kristen Jordan (January 24, 2019). "MAGA hats: Trump campaign swag or symbols of detest?". Detroit Free Printing . Retrieved Oct 25, 2020.
  6. ^ a b c Abcarian, Robin (February v, 2019). "MAGA hats and greasepaint are different forms of expression, simply they share a sure unfortunate Dna". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 25, 2020.
  7. ^ Rebecca Solnit (2018). Telephone call Them by Their True Names: American Crises (and Essays). Haymarket Books. Trump's slogan, 'Make America great again', seemed to invoke a return to a Never Never Country of white male person supremacy, where coal was an awesome fuel, blue-color manufacturing jobs were what they had been in 1956, women belong in the domicile, and the needs of white men were paramount.
  8. ^ "How The Media Covered Jussie Smollett". NPR.org . Retrieved September 15, 2021.
  9. ^ University, Santa Clara. "The Symbol of Jussie Smollett for American Journalism". world wide web.scu.edu . Retrieved September fifteen, 2021.
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  13. ^ "Goldwater Aye! [advertisement]". Lake Sentinel. Orlando, FL. Baronial two, 1964. p. 3. He will be elected by local people who want to regain their lost freedoms and brand America great over again
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  19. ^ Ronald Reagan (2004). "Speech Accepting the Republican Nomination for President". Tear Down this Wall: The Reagan Revolution – a National Review History. A&C Black. p. 22. ISBN9780826416957.
  20. ^ "Make America Not bad Again a Retrospective". YouTube . Retrieved July 21, 2017.
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  25. ^ Kaczynski, Andrew (January xviii, 2017). "Trump was saying 'Make America Great Again' long earlier he claims he thought it up". CNN.com. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
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  30. ^ "USPTO TSDR Case Viewer". tsdr.uspto.gov . Retrieved January 27, 2017.
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  33. ^ Smith, Allan (November x, 2016). "'Great again': Donald Trump'southward .gov website is at present alive". Business Insider . Retrieved Nov 12, 2016.
  34. ^ Alex Seitz-Wald (March 11, 2018). "'Go along America Peachy': After twelvemonth in office, Trump unveils 2020 campaign slogan". NBC News.
  35. ^ Kumar, Anita (May xx, 2020). "Trump tries on MAGA 2.0 for a pandemic era". Politico. Retrieved November 23, 2020.
  36. ^ "2 weeks of finger-pointing and spectacle leave two Americas disunited, other convention takeaways". August 28, 2020. Archived from the original on August 28, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2022.
  37. ^ Hall, Louise (August 25, 2020). "Mike Pence mocked for spin on Trump election slogan". The Contained . Retrieved Dec 31, 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  38. ^ Bremner, Jade (Oct v, 2021). "Trump ridiculed for name of new PAC: Brand America Corking Again, Once again". The Independent . Retrieved Jan one, 2022. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: url-condition (link)
  39. ^ Pengelly, Martin (February 4, 2020). "Trump wants to 'Make Federal Buildings Beautiful Once more' with neoclassical order". The Guardian . Retrieved May 14, 2022.
  40. ^ Ferguson, Andrew (February twenty, 2020). "Trump'south Cute Proposal for Federal Architecture". The Atlantic . Retrieved May xiv, 2022.
  41. ^ Dafoe, Taylor (Feb 26, 2021). "Joe Biden Has Revoked Trump's Executive Guild Mandating Classical-Just Compages for Federal Buildings, Restoring 'Freedom of Design'". Artnet . Retrieved May 14, 2022.
  42. ^ Dawsey, Josh; Scherer, Michael (January 23, 2021). "Trump jumps into a divisive battle over the Republican Party – with a threat to beginning a 'MAGA Political party'". Washington Mail. Archived from the original on Jan 24, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
  43. ^ Buncombe, Andrew (January 24, 2021). "Trump wants to set up up 'MAGA party' to challenge Republicans who voted to impeach him, says study". The Contained. Archived from the original on January 24, 2021. Retrieved Jan 24, 2021.
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  47. ^ a b "#maga Hashtag Analytics". RiteTag . Retrieved July 18, 2018.
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  58. ^ Bradford Richardson (January 27, 2016). "Cruz sells 'Make Trump Contend Once again' hats". TheHill.com . Retrieved Jan 27, 2016.
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  60. ^ Latimer, Brian (May 4, 2016). "'Make America Mexico Again' Hat Maker: Satire Can Alter Conversation". NBC News . Retrieved February 21, 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  61. ^ Forgey, Quint (May iv, 2022). "Biden: MAGA is the 'most extreme political organization' in contempo U.S. history". Politico . Retrieved May 5, 2022.
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External links [edit]

  • Reagan at the 1980 GOP convention

mcleodfiniz1937.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again

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